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Present Perfect – Como e Quando Usar ao Falar Inglês

O Present Perfect é um tempo verbal em inglês que costuma deixar muitas dúvidas na nossa cabeça, isso porque não existe um equivalente direto deste tempo verbal em nosso idioma.

O Present Perfect é um tempo verbal que usamos para expressar ações que começaram no passado e se prolongam até o presente.

É um tempo verbal que está entre o presente e o passado, por assim dizer.

Vamos ver em quais situações devemos usar o Present Perfect e também como formar frases neste tempo verbal.

Como formar frases no Present Perfect

Para formarmos frases no Present Perfect nós vamos utilizar a estrutura básica do verbo Have como verbo auxiliar mais o verbo principal da frase no Past Participle:

Have/Has + Past Participle

Para colocar o verbo no Past Participle basta apenas acrescentar o ED ao final do verbo, se for um verbo regular.

Se o verbo for irregular ele terá sua própria conjugação, e é bom consultar uma tabela de verbos irregulares para saber as exceções. Você pode baixar uma lista completa com os verbos essenciais em inglês, tanto regulares quanto regulares clicando aqui.

Vale lembrar que o Have não vai ter necessariamente o significado de “ter” quando usado no present perfect, muitas vezes ele não terá nenhum significado na frase, seu papel é apenas de verbo auxiliar, assim como o Do no Simple Present.

O has neste caso é usado sempre na terceira pessoa do singular, com os pronomes He, She e It.

Nos demais pronomes I, You, We, They nós usaremos sempre o Have.

Frases afirmativas

Para formar frases afirmativas no Present Perfect nós temos a seguinte estrutura:

Sujeito + Have/Has + Verbo no Past Participle + Complemento

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Exemplo:

I have studied a lot for the test.

Eu tenho estudado muito para a prova.

Frases negativas

Para formar frases negativas nós apenas precisamos acrescentar o not após o verbo auxiliar have.

Veja a estrutura:

Sujeito + Have/has + Not + Verbo no Past Participle + Complemento

I have not visited Spain four times.

Eu não visitei a Espanha quatro vezes.

Frases interrogativas

Para formar frases interrogativas em inglês usando o Present Perfect nós apenas temos que inverter o sujeito com o verbo auxiliar have.

Veja a estrutura completa:

Have/has + Sujeito + Verbo no Past Participle + Complemento

Have you been to Brazil?

Você já foi ao Brazil?

Contração do verbo auxiliar have

No inglês a contração dos verbos tanto na fala quanto na escrita é muito comum.

No caso do have no present perfect não é diferente.

A contração do have fica da seguinte forma:

I have beenI’ve been
He has beenHe’s been

Ou seja:

O have contraído se torna ‘ve e o has se torna ‘s.

Quando usar o Present Perfect?

quando usar o present perfect

O Present Perfect pode ser usado nas mais diversas situações, geralmente ele é usado para falar de situações que ocorreram no passado, mas que ainda tem alguma relação com o presente.

Além disso, existem algumas outras situações em que usamos o present perfect, vamos conhecer agora as mais comuns:

Ações que iniciaram no passado e ainda acontecem no presente

Usamos o Present Perfect para falar de situações que começaram em algum momento no passado e que ainda continuam acontecendo no momento da fala.

Veja alguns exemplos:

We have studied a lot for the exams.

Nós temos estudado muito para os exames.

I have worked in the same place for the last five years.

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Eu tenho trabalhado no mesmo lugar pelos últimos cinco anos.

Nos exemplos acima a situação começou no passado e ainda continua no momento presente.

Ações que aconteceram no passado e tem efeito no presente

Usamos o presente perfect para falar de ações que aconteceram no passado e que tem algum efeito no presente, sem necessariamente estar ocorrendo no presente.

Exemplos:

I have lost my Keys.

Eu perdi minhas chaves.

He has broken my watch.

Ele quebrou meu relógio.

Veja que nos exemplos acima a ação aconteceu no passado e não está necessariamente acontecendo no presente, mas suas consequências ainda impactam no momento da fala.

Como no exemplo da pessoa que perdeu as chaves, ela perdeu as chaves no passado e continua não tendo encontrado.

Coisas que você nunca fez

Usamos também este tempo verbal para falarmos de algo que nunca fizemos.

Exemplos:

I have never been to Brazil

Eu nunca estive no Brazil.

I have never eaten Chinese food.

Eu nunca comi comida chinesa.

Coisas que você acabou de fazer ou que acabaram de acontecer

Pode ser usado com coisas que acabaram de acontecer no momento da fala.

I have just lost my Keys.

Eu acabei de perder minhas chaves.

I have just seen her on the street.

Eu acabei de ver ela na rua.

Coisas que aconteceram em um tempo indeterminado

Usamos o Present Perfect para falar sobre algo que aconteceu no passado e que não sabemos ao certo a data ou simplesmente não interessa quando aconteceu.

A ênfase neste caso é ao fato não ao tempo e quando aconteceu.

Em geral é usado para ações que ocorreram em um tempo indeterminado, onde não são especificadas datas, horários ou outras referências ao passado.

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She has lived in Australia for a while.

Ela morou na Australia por um tempo.

I have eaten Japanese food only once.

Eu comi comida japonesa apenas uma vez.

Perguntar se alguém já fez algo

Podemos usar este tempo verbal para perguntar se alguém já fez algo, sem precisar o tempo em que ocorreu a ação.

Exemplos:

Have you watched Harry Potter?

Você assistiu Harry Potter?

Neste caso podemos ainda acrescentar a palavra ever a frase, usando a expressão “have you ever…?”.

Veja o exemplo:

Have you ever been to Spain?

Você já esteve na Espanha?

Have you ever visited the Eiffel Tower?

Você já visitou a Torre Eiffel?

Diferença entre o Present Perfect e o Simple Past

Muitas pessoas acabam confundindo e não sabendo diferença entre o Present Perfect e o Simple Past e quando devem usar cada um deles, mas a diferença é relativamente simples.

Nós vamos usar o present perfect sempre que formos falar de ações que iniciaram no passado, mas que ainda tem continuidade no presente, e nos casos que falamos anteriormente.

Já o Simple Past é usado para falar sobre ações que começaram no passado e que já terminaram, já foram concluídas, ou seja, ações que não tem continuação no presente, geralmente na maioria dos casos do simple past as frases já vem com uma data específica de quando o fato aconteceu.

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